soc.veterans

why am I not surprised to find your gomer ass here ?

fit right in with the rest of the hillbilly, republican racists don't you,

so what alias are sordo,stevens,nixon,andy s, gary,olly, and hertz using
goober ?


"mohammit ooadah" wrote in message
news:fh8sr3pada33hhfi73abnqcj8bqaaktbp2@4ax.com...
> An' it be's de gubmints fawt dat de cullid genemens got de siffus,
> dat rite, Bruvva?
>
> On Wed, 20 Feb 2008 13:40:11 -0800, "Husband of All FBI n NSA Agents"
> wrote:
>
>>
>>http://www.infoplease.com/spot/bhmtuskegee1.html
>>
>>The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
>>
>>The U.S. government's 40-year experiment on black men with syphilis
>>
>>by Borgna Brunner
>>
>>"The United States government did something that was wrong-deeply,
>>profoundly, morally wrong. It was an outrage to our commitment to
>>integrity
>>and equality for all our citizens... clearly racist."
>>
>>-President Clinton's apology for the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment to the
>>eight remaining survivors, May 16, 1997
>>
>>
>>
>>For forty years between 1932 and 1972, the U.S. Public Health Service
>>(PHS)
>>conducted an experiment on 399 black men in the late stages of syphilis.
>>These men, for the most part illiterate sharecroppers from one of the
>>poorest counties in Alabama, were never told what disease they were
>>suffering from or of its seriousness. Informed that they were being
>>treated
>>for "bad blood," their doctors had no intention of curing them of syphilis
>>at all.
>>
>>The data for the experiment was to be collected from autopsies of the men,
>>and they were thus deliberately left to degenerate under the ravages of
>>tertiary syphilis-which can include tumors, heart disease, paralysis,
>>blindness, insanity, and death. "As I see it," one of the doctors involved
>>explained, "we have no further interest in these patients until they die."
>>
>>
>>Using Human Beings as Laboratory Animals
>>
>>The true nature of the experiment had to be kept from the subjects to
>>ensure
>>their cooperation. The sharecroppers' grossly disadvantaged lot in life
>>made
>>them easy to manipulate. Pleased at the prospect of free medical
>>care-almost
>>none of them had ever seen a doctor before-these unsophisticated and
>>trusting men became the pawns in what James Jones, author of the excellent
>>history on the subject, Bad Blood, identified as "the longest
>>nontherapeutic
>>experiment on human beings in medical history."
>>
>>The study was meant to discover how syphilis affected blacks as opposed to
>>whites-the theory being that whites experienced more neurological
>>complications from syphilis, whereas blacks were more susceptible to
>>cardiovascular damage. How this knowledge would have changed clinical
>>treatment of syphilis is uncertain.
>>
>>Although the PHS touted the study as one of great scientific merit, from
>>the
>>outset its actual benefits were hazy. It took almost forty years before
>>someone involved in the study took a hard and honest look at the end
>>results, reporting that "nothing learned will prevent, find, or cure a
>>single case of infectious syphilis or bring us closer to our basic mission
>>of controlling venereal disease in the United States."
>>
>>When the experiment was brought to the attention of the media in 1972,
>>news
>>anchor Harry Reasoner described it as an experiment that "used human
>>beings
>>as laboratory animals in a long and inefficient study of how long it takes
>>syphilis to kill someone."
>>
>>
>>A Heavy Price in the Name of Bad Science
>>
>>By the end of the experiment, 28 of the men had died directly of syphilis,
>>100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been
>>infected,
>>and 19 of their children had been born with congenital syphilis. How had
>>these men been induced to endure a fatal disease in the name of science?
>>
>>To persuade the community to support the experiment, one of the original
>>doctors admitted it "was necessary to carry on this study under the guise
>>of
>>a demonstration and provide treatment." At first, the men were prescribed
>>the syphilis remedies of the day-bismuth, neoarsphenamine, and mercury-
>>but
>>in such small amounts that only 3 percent showed any improvement.
>>
>>These token doses of medicine were good public relations and did not
>>interfere with the true aims of the study. Eventually, all syphilis
>>treatment was replaced with "pink medicine"-aspirin.
>>
>>To ensure that the men would show up for a painful and potentially
>>dangerous
>>spinal tap, the PHS doctors misled them with a letter full of promotional
>>hype: "Last Chance for Special Free Treatment." The fact that autopsies
>>would eventually be required was also concealed.
>>
>>As a doctor explained, "If the colored population becomes aware that
>>accepting free hospital care means a post-mortem, every darky will leave
>>Macon County..." Even the Surgeon General of the United States
>>participated
>>in enticing the men to remain in the experiment, sending them certificates
>>of appreciation after 25 years in the study.
>>
>>
>>Following Doctors' Orders
>>
>>
>>It takes little imagination to ascribe racist attitudes to the white
>>government officials who ran the experiment, but what can one make of the
>>numerous African Americans who collaborated with them? The experiment's
>>name
>>comes from the Tuskegee Institute, the black university founded by Booker
>>T.
>>Washington. Its affiliated hospital lent the PHS its medical facilities
>>for
>>the study, and other predominantly black institutions as well as local
>>black
>>doctors also participated. A black nurse, Eunice Rivers, was a central
>>figure in the experiment for most of its forty years.
>>
>>promise of recognition by a prestigious government agency may have
>>obscured
>>the troubling aspects of the study for some. A Tuskegee doctor, for
>>example,
>>praised "the educational advantages offered our interns and nurses as well
>>as the added standing it will give the hospital." Nurse Rivers explained
>>her
>>role as one of passive obedience: "we were taught that we never diagnosed,
>>we never prescribed; we followed the doctor's instructions!"
>>
>>It is clear that the men in the experiment trusted her and that she
>>sincerely cared about their well-being, but her unquestioning submission
>>to
>>authority eclipsed her moral judgment. Even after the experiment was
>>exposed
>>to public scrutiny, she genuinely felt nothing ethical had been amiss.
>>
>>One of the most chilling aspects of the experiment was how zealously the
>>PHS
>>kept these men from receiving treatment. When several nationwide campaigns
>>to eradicate venereal disease came to Macon County, the men were prevented
>>from participating. Even when penicillin-the first real cure for
>>syphilis-was discovered in the 1940s, the Tuskegee men were deliberately
>>denied the medication.
>>
>>During World War II, 250 of the men registered for the draft and were
>>consequently ordered to get treatment for syphilis, only to have the PHS
>>exempt them. Pleased at their success, the PHS representative announced:
>>"So
>>far, we are keeping the known positive patients from getting treatment."
>>The
>>experiment continued in spite of the Henderson Act (1943), a public health
>>law requiring testing and treatment for venereal disease, and in spite of
>>the World Health Organization's Declaration of Helsinki (1964), which
>>specified that "informed consent" was needed for experiments involving
>>human
>>beings.
>>
>>Blowing the Whistle
>>
>>The story finally broke in the Washington Star on July 25, 1972, in an
>>article by Jean Heller of the Associated Press. Her source was Peter
>>Buxtun,
>>a former PHS venereal disease interviewer and one of the few whistle
>>blowers
>>over the years. The PHS, however, remained unrepentant, claiming the men
>>had
>>been "volunteers" and "were always happy to see the doctors," and an
>>Alabama
>>state health officer who had been involved claimed "somebody is trying to
>>make a mountain out of a molehill."
>>
>>Under the glare of publicity, the government ended their experiment, and
>>for
>>the first time provided the men with effective medical treatment for
>>syphilis. Fred Gray, a lawyer who had previously defended Rosa Parks and
>>Martin Luther King, filed a class action suit that provided a $10 million
>>out-of-court settlement for the men and their families. Gray, however,
>>named
>>only whites and white organizations as defendants in the suit, portraying
>>Tuskegee as a black and white case when it was in fact more complex than
>>that-black doctors and institutions had been involved from beginning to
>>end.
>>
>>The PHS did not accept the media's comparison of Tuskegee with the
>>appalling
>>experiments performed by Nazi doctors on their Jewish victims during World
>>War II. Yet in addition to the medical and racist parallels, the PHS
>>offered
>>the same morally bankrupt defense offered at the Nuremberg trials: they
>>claimed they were just carrying out orders, mere cogs in the wheel of the
>>PHS bureaucracy, exempt from personal responsibility.
>>
>>The study's other justification-for the greater good of science-is equally
>>spurious. Scientific protocol had been shoddy from the start. Since the
>>men
>>had in fact received some medication for syphilis in the beginning of the
>>study, however inadequate, it thereby corrupted the outcome of a study of
>>"untreated syphilis."
>>
>>
>>The Legacy of Tuskegee
>>
>>In 1990, a survey found that 10 percent of African Americans believed that
>>the U.S. government created AIDS as a plot to exterminate blacks, and
>>another 20 percent could not rule out the possibility that this might be
>>true. As preposterous and paranoid as this may sound, at one time the
>>Tuskegee experiment must have seemed equally farfetched.
>>
>>Who could imagine the government, all the way up to the Surgeon General of
>>the United States, deliberately allowing a group of its citizens to die
>>from
>>a terrible disease for the sake of an ill-conceived experiment? In light
>>of
>>this and many other shameful episodes in our history, African Americans'
>>widespread mistrust of the government and white society in general should
>>not be a surprise to anyone.
>>
>>1. All quotations in the article are from Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis
>>Experiment, James H. Jones, expanded edition (New York: Free Press, 1993).
>>
>>
>>
>>